perlglossary - Perl 用語集
A glossary of terms (technical and otherwise) used in the Perl documentation. Other useful sources include the Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html, the Jargon File http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/, and Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/. (TBT)
(アクセサメソッド(accessor methods))
A /method used to indirectly inspect or update an /object's state (its instance variables). (TBT)
The scalar values that you supply to a /function
or /subroutine when you call it. For instance, when you call
power("puff"), the string "puff" is the actual argument. See
also /argument and /formal arguments.
(TBT)
(アドレス演算子(address operator))
Some languages work directly with the memory addresses of values, but this can be like playing with fire. Perl provides a set of asbestos gloves for handling all memory management. The closest to an address operator in Perl is the backslash operator, but it gives you a /hard reference, which is much safer than a memory address. (TBT)
(アルゴリズム(algorithm))
A well-defined sequence of steps, clearly enough explained that even a computer could do them. (TBT)
A nickname for something, which behaves in all ways as though you'd
used the original name instead of the nickname. Temporary aliases are
implicitly created in the loop variable for foreach loops, in the
$_ variable for map or grep
operators, in $a and $b during sort's
comparison function, and in each element of @_ for the /actual arguments of a subroutine call. Permanent aliases are explicitly
created in packages by importing symbols or by
assignment to typeglobs. Lexically scoped aliases for
package variables are explicitly created by the our
declaration.
(TBT)
A list of possible choices from which you may select only one, as in
"Would you like door A, B, or C?" Alternatives in regular expressions
are separated with a single vertical bar: |. Alternatives in
normal Perl expressions are separated with a double vertical bar:
||. Logical alternatives in /Boolean expressions are separated
with either || or or.
(TBT)
(無名(anonymous))
Used to describe a /referent that is not directly accessible through a named /variable. Such a referent must be indirectly accessible through at least one /hard reference. When the last hard reference goes away, the anonymous referent is destroyed without pity. (TBT)
(アーキテクチャ(architecture))
The kind of computer you're working on, where one "kind" of computer means all those computers sharing a compatible machine language. Since Perl programs are (typically) simple text files, not executable images, a Perl program is much less sensitive to the architecture it's running on than programs in other languages, such as C, that are compiled into machine code. See also /platform and /operating system. (TBT)
(引数(argument))
A piece of data supplied to a program, /subroutine, /function, or /method to tell it what it's supposed to do. Also called a "parameter". (TBT)
The name of the array containing the /argument /vector from the
command line. If you use the empty <> operator, /ARGV is
the name of both the /filehandle used to traverse the arguments and
the /scalar containing the name of the current input file.
(TBT)
(算術演算子(arithmetical operator))
A /symbol such as + or / that tells Perl to do the arithmetic
you were supposed to learn in grade school.
(TBT)
(配列(array))
An ordered sequence of values, stored such that you can easily access any of the values using an integer /subscript that specifies the value's /offset in the sequence. (TBT)
(配列コンテキスト(array context))
An archaic expression for what is more correctly referred to as /list context. (TBT)
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (a 7-bit character set adequate only for poorly representing English text). Often used loosely to describe the lowest 128 values of the various ISO-8859-X character sets, a bunch of mutually incompatible 8-bit codes best described as half ASCII. See also /Unicode. (TBT)
(アサート(assertion))
A component of a /regular expression that must be true for the pattern to match but does not necessarily match any characters itself. Often used specifically to mean a /zero width assertion. (TBT)
(代入(assignment))
An /operator whose assigned mission in life is to change the value of a /variable. (TBT)
(代入演算子(assignment operator))
Either a regular /assignment, or a compound /operator composed
of an ordinary assignment and some other operator, that changes the
value of a variable in place, that is, relative to its old value. For
example, $a += 2 adds 2 to $a.
(TBT)
(連想配列(associative array))
See /hash. Please. (TBT)
(結合性(associativity))
Determines whether you do the left /operator first or the right
/operator first when you have "A /operator B /operator C" and
the two operators are of the same precedence. Operators like + are
left associative, while operators like ** are right associative.
See perlop for a list of operators and their associativity.
(TBT)
(非同期(asynchronous))
Said of events or activities whose relative temporal ordering is indeterminate because too many things are going on at once. Hence, an asynchronous event is one you didn't know when to expect. (TBT)
A /regular expression component potentially matching a /substring containing one or more characters and treated as an indivisible syntactic unit by any following /quantifier. (Contrast with an /assertion that matches something of /zero width and may not be quantified.) (TBT)
When Democritus gave the word "atom" to the indivisible bits of matter, he meant literally something that could not be cut: a- (not) + tomos (cuttable). An atomic operation is an action that can't be interrupted, not one forbidden in a nuclear-free zone. (TBT)
(属性(attribute))
A new feature that allows the declaration of variables
and subroutines with modifiers as in sub foo : locked
method. Also, another name for an /instance variable of an
/object.
(TBT)
A feature of /operator overloading of objects, whereby the behavior of certain operators can be reasonably deduced using more fundamental operators. This assumes that the overloaded operators will often have the same relationships as the regular operators. See perlop. (TBT)
(自動インクリメント(autoincrement))
To add one to something automatically, hence the name of the ++
operator. To instead subtract one from something automatically is
known as an "autodecrement".
(TBT)
To load on demand. (Also called "lazy" loading.) Specifically, to call an AUTOLOAD subroutine on behalf of an undefined subroutine. (TBT)
(自動 split(autosplit))
To split a string automatically, as the -a /switch does when running under -p or -n in order to emulate /awk. (See also the AutoSplit module, which has nothing to do with the -a switch, but a lot to do with autoloading.) (TBT)
(自動有効化(autovivification))
A Greco-Roman word meaning "to bring oneself to life". In Perl,
storage locations (lvalues) spontaneously generate
themselves as needed, including the creation of any /hard reference
values to point to the next level of storage. The assignment
$a[5][5][5][5][5] = "quintet" potentially creates five scalar
storage locations, plus four references (in the first four scalar
locations) pointing to four new anonymous arrays (to hold the last
four scalar locations). But the point of autovivification is that you
don't have to worry about it.
(TBT)
Short for "array value", which refers to one of Perl's internal data types that holds an /array. The /AV type is a subclass of /SV. (TBT)
Descriptive editing term--short for "awkward". Also coincidentally refers to a venerable text-processing language from which Perl derived some of its high-level ideas. (TBT)
(後方参照(backreference))
A substring captured by a subpattern within
unadorned parentheses in a /regex. Backslashed decimal numbers
(\1, \2, etc.) later in the same pattern refer back to the
corresponding subpattern in the current match. Outside the pattern,
the numbered variables ($1, $2, etc.) continue to refer to these
same values, as long as the pattern was the last successful match of
the current dynamic scope.
(TBT)
(バックトラッキング(backtracking))
The practice of saying, "If I had to do it all over, I'd do it differently," and then actually going back and doing it all over differently. Mathematically speaking, it's returning from an unsuccessful recursion on a tree of possibilities. Perl backtracks when it attempts to match patterns with a /regular expression, and its earlier attempts don't pan out. See perlre/Backtracking. (TBT)
(後方互換性(backward compatibility))
Means you can still run your old program because we didn't break any of the features or bugs it was relying on. (TBT)
(裸の単語(bareword))
A word sufficiently ambiguous to be deemed illegal under use strict 'subs'. In the absence of that stricture, a bareword is treated as if quotes were around it. (TBT)
(基底クラス(base class))
A generic /object type; that is, a /class from which other, more specific classes are derived genetically by /inheritance. Also called a "superclass" by people who respect their ancestors. (TBT)
(ビッグエンディアン(big-endian))
From Swift: someone who eats eggs big end first. Also used of computers that store the most significant /byte of a word at a lower byte address than the least significant byte. Often considered superior to little-endian machines. See also /little-endian. (TBT)
(2 進数(binary))
Having to do with numbers represented in base 2. That means there's basically two numbers, 0 and 1. Also used to describe a "non-text file", presumably because such a file makes full use of all the binary bits in its bytes. With the advent of /Unicode, this distinction, already suspect, loses even more of its meaning. (TBT)
(2 項演算子(binary operator))
To assign a specific /network address to a /socket. (TBT)
(ビット(bit))
An integer in the range from 0 to 1, inclusive. The smallest possible unit of information storage. An eighth of a /byte or of a dollar. (The term "Pieces of Eight" comes from being able to split the old Spanish dollar into 8 bits, each of which still counted for money. That's why a 25-cent piece today is still "two bits".) (TBT)
(ビットシフト(bit shift))
The movement of bits left or right in a computer word, which has the effect of multiplying or dividing by a power of 2. (TBT)
(ビット文字列(bit string))
A sequence of bits that is actually being thought of as a sequence of bits, for once. (TBT)
In corporate life, to grant official approval to a thing, as in, "The VP of Engineering has blessed our WebCruncher project." Similarly in Perl, to grant official approval to a /referent so that it can function as an /object, such as a WebCruncher object. See perlfunc/"bless". (TBT)
What a /process does when it has to wait for something: "My process blocked waiting for the disk." As an unrelated noun, it refers to a large chunk of data, of a size that the /operating system likes to deal with (normally a power of two such as 512 or 8192). Typically refers to a chunk of data that's coming from or going to a disk file. (TBT)
A syntactic construct consisting of a sequence of Perl
statements that is delimited by braces. The if and
while statements are defined in terms of BLOCKs, for instance.
Sometimes we also say "block" to mean a lexical scope; that is, a
sequence of statements that act like a /BLOCK, such as within an
eval or a file, even though the statements aren't
delimited by braces.
(TBT)
(ブロックバッファリング(block buffering))
A method of making input and output efficient by passing one /block at a time. By default, Perl does block buffering to disk files. See /buffer and /command buffering. (TBT)
(真偽値(Boolean))
(真偽値コンテキスト(Boolean context))
A special kind of /scalar context used in conditionals to decide whether the /scalar value returned by an expression is /true or /false. Does not evaluate as either a string or a number. See /context. (TBT)
(ブレークポイント(breakpoint))
A spot in your program where you've told the debugger to stop execution so you can poke around and see whether anything is wrong yet. (TBT)
(ブロードキャスト(broadcast))
To send a /datagram to multiple destinations simultaneously. (TBT)
A psychoactive drug, popular in the 80s, probably developed at U. C. Berkeley or thereabouts. Similar in many ways to the prescription-only medication called "System V", but infinitely more useful. (Or, at least, more fun.) The full chemical name is "Berkeley Standard Distribution". (TBT)
(バケツ(bucket))
A location in a /hash table containing (potentially) multiple entries whose keys "hash" to the same hash value according to its hash function. (As internal policy, you don't have to worry about it, unless you're into internals, or policy.) (TBT)
(バッファ(buffer))
A temporary holding location for data. Block buffering means that the data is passed on to its destination whenever the buffer is full. Line buffering means that it's passed on whenever a complete line is received. Command buffering means that it's passed every time you do a print command (or equivalent). If your output is unbuffered, the system processes it one byte at a time without the use of a holding area. This can be rather inefficient. (TBT)
(組み込み(built-in))
A /function that is predefined in the language. Even when hidden
by /overriding, you can always get at a built-in function by
qualifying its name with the CORE:: pseudo-package.
(TBT)
A group of related modules on /CPAN. (Also, sometimes refers to a group of command-line switches grouped into one /switch cluster.) (TBT)
(バイト(byte))
A piece of data worth eight bits in most places. (TBT)
(バイトコード(bytecode))
A pidgin-like language spoken among 'droids when they don't wish to reveal their orientation (see /endian). Named after some similar languages spoken (for similar reasons) between compilers and interpreters in the late 20th century. These languages are characterized by representing everything as a non-architecture-dependent sequence of bytes. (TBT)
A language beloved by many for its inside-out /type definitions, inscrutable /precedence rules, and heavy /overloading of the function-call mechanism. (Well, actually, people first switched to C because they found lowercase identifiers easier to read than upper.) Perl is written in C, so it's not surprising that Perl borrowed a few ideas from it. (TBT)
(C プリプロセッサ(C preprocessor))
The typical C compiler's first pass, which processes lines beginning
with # for conditional compilation and macro definition and does
various manipulations of the program text based on the current
definitions. Also known as cpp(1).
(TBT)
(参照渡し(call by reference))
An /argument-passing mechanism in which the /formal arguments refer directly to the /actual arguments, and the /subroutine can change the actual arguments by changing the formal arguments. That is, the formal argument is an /alias for the actual argument. See also /call by value. (TBT)
(値渡し(call by value))
An /argument-passing mechanism in which the /formal arguments refer to a copy of the /actual arguments, and the /subroutine cannot change the actual arguments by changing the formal arguments. See also /call by reference. (TBT)
(コールバック(callback))
A /handler that you register with some other part of your program in the hope that the other part of your program will /trigger your handler when some event of interest transpires. (TBT)
Reduced to a standard form to facilitate comparison. (TBT)
(捕捉(capturing))
The use of parentheses around a /subpattern in a /regular expression to store the matched /substring as a /backreference. (Captured strings are also returned as a list in /list context.) (TBT)
(文字(character))
A small integer representative of a unit of orthography. Historically, characters were usually stored as fixed-width integers (typically in a byte, or maybe two, depending on the character set), but with the advent of UTF-8, characters are often stored in a variable number of bytes depending on the size of the integer that represents the character. Perl manages this transparently for you, for the most part. (TBT)
(文字クラス(character class))
A square-bracketed list of characters used in a /regular expression to indicate that any character of the set may occur at a given point. Loosely, any predefined set of characters so used. (TBT)
(文字特性(character property))
A predefined /character class matchable by the \p
/metasymbol. Many standard properties are defined for /Unicode.
(TBT)
An /operator that surrounds its /operand, like the angle operator, or parentheses, or a hug. (TBT)
(クラス(class))
A user-defined /type, implemented in Perl via a /package that provides (either directly or by inheritance) methods (that is, subroutines) to handle instances of the class (its objects). See also /inheritance. (TBT)
(クラスメソッド(class method))
A /method whose /invocant is a /package name, not an /object reference. A method associated with the class as a whole. (TBT)
(クライアント(client))
In networking, a /process that initiates contact with a /server process in order to exchange data and perhaps receive a service. (TBT)
A /cluster used to restrict the scope of a /regular expression modifier. (TBT)
(クロージャ(closure))
An /anonymous subroutine that, when a reference to it is generated at run time, keeps track of the identities of externally visible lexical variables even after those lexical variables have supposedly gone out of /scope. They're called "closures" because this sort of behavior gives mathematicians a sense of closure. (TBT)
A parenthesized /subpattern used to group parts of a /regular expression into a single /atom. (TBT)
The word returned by the ref function when you apply it to a reference to a subroutine. See also /CV. (TBT)
(コードジェネレータ(code generator))
A system that writes code for you in a low-level language, such as code to implement the backend of a compiler. See /program generator. (TBT)
A /regular expression subpattern whose real purpose is to execute
some Perl code, for example, the (?{...}) and (??{...})
subpatterns.
(TBT)
The order into which characters sort. This is used by /string comparison routines to decide, for example, where in this glossary to put "collating sequence". (TBT)
(コマンド(command))
In /shell programming, the syntactic combination of a program name and its arguments. More loosely, anything you type to a shell (a command interpreter) that starts it doing something. Even more loosely, a Perl /statement, which might start with a /label and typically ends with a semicolon. (TBT)
A mechanism in Perl that lets you store up the output of each Perl
/command and then flush it out as a single request to the
/operating system. It's enabled by setting the $|
($AUTOFLUSH) variable to a true value. It's used when you don't
want data sitting around not going where it's supposed to, which may
happen because the default on a /file or /pipe is to use
/block buffering.
(TBT)
(コマンド名(command name))
The name of the program currently executing, as typed on the command
line. In C, the /command name is passed to the program as the
first command-line argument. In Perl, it comes in separately as
$0.
(TBT)
(コマンドライン引数(command-line arguments))
The values you supply along with a program name when you
tell a /shell to execute a /command. These values are passed to
a Perl program through @ARGV.
(TBT)
(コメント(comment))
A remark that doesn't affect the meaning of the program. In Perl, a
comment is introduced by a # character and continues to the end of
the line.
(TBT)
(コンパイル単位(compilation unit))
The /file (or /string, in the case of eval) that is currently being compiled. (TBT)
(コンパイルフェーズ(compile phase))
Any time before Perl starts running your main program. See also
/run phase. Compile phase is mostly spent in /compile time, but
may also be spent in /run time when BEGIN blocks,
use declarations, or constant subexpressions are being
evaluated. The startup and import code of any use
declaration is also run during compile phase.
(TBT)
(コンパイル時(compile time))
The time when Perl is trying to make sense of your code, as opposed to when it thinks it knows what your code means and is merely trying to do what it thinks your code says to do, which is /run time. (TBT)
(コンパイラ(compiler))
Strictly speaking, a program that munches up another program and spits out yet another file containing the program in a "more executable" form, typically containing native machine instructions. The perl program is not a compiler by this definition, but it does contain a kind of compiler that takes a program and turns it into a more executable form (syntax trees) within the perl process itself, which the /interpreter then interprets. There are, however, extension modules to get Perl to act more like a "real" compiler. See O. (TBT)
A "constructor" for a /referent that isn't really an /object, like an anonymous array or a hash (or a sonata, for that matter). For example, a pair of braces acts as a composer for a hash, and a pair of brackets acts as a composer for an array. See perlref/Making References. (TBT)
(連結(concatenation))
The process of gluing one cat's nose to another cat's tail. Also, a similar operation on two strings. (TBT)
Something "iffy". See /Boolean context. (TBT)
In telephony, the temporary electrical circuit between the caller's and the callee's phone. In networking, the same kind of temporary circuit between a /client and a /server. (TBT)
As a noun, a piece of syntax made up of smaller pieces. As a transitive verb, to create an /object using a /constructor. (TBT)
(コンストラクタ(constructor))
Any /class method, instance /method, or /subroutine that composes, initializes, blesses, and returns an /object. Sometimes we use the term loosely to mean a /composer. (TBT)
(コンテキスト(context))
The surroundings, or environment. The context given by the surrounding code determines what kind of data a particular /expression is expected to return. The three primary contexts are /list context, /scalar context, and /void context. Scalar context is sometimes subdivided into /Boolean context, /numeric context, /string context, and /void context. There's also a "don't care" scalar context (which is dealt with in Programming Perl, Third Edition, Chapter 2, "Bits and Pieces" if you care). (TBT)
(継続(continuation))
The treatment of more than one physical /line as a single logical line. /Makefile lines are continued by putting a backslash before the /newline. Mail headers as defined by RFC 822 are continued by putting a space or tab after the newline. In general, lines in Perl do not need any form of continuation mark, because /whitespace (including newlines) is gleefully ignored. Usually. (TBT)
(コアダンプ(core dump))
The corpse of a /process, in the form of a file left in the /working directory of the process, usually as a result of certain kinds of fatal error. (TBT)
The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. (See perlfaq2/What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?). (TBT)
(クラッカー(cracker))
Someone who breaks security on computer systems. A cracker may be a true /hacker or only a /script kiddie. (TBT)
(カレントパッケージ(current package))
The /package in which the current statement is compiled. Scan backwards in the text of your program through the current lexical scope or any enclosing lexical scopes till you find a package declaration. That's your current package name. (TBT)
See /working directory. (TBT)
The last /filehandle that was designated with
select(FILEHANDLE); /STDOUT, if no filehandle
has been selected.
(TBT)
An internal "code value" typedef, holding a /subroutine. The /CV type is a subclass of /SV. (TBT)
(曖昧な文(dangling statement))
A bare, single /statement, without any braces, hanging off an if
or while conditional. C allows them. Perl doesn't.
(TBT)
(データ構造(data structure))
How your various pieces of data relate to each other and what shape they make when you put them all together, as in a rectangular table or a triangular-shaped tree. (TBT)
(データ型(data type))
A set of possible values, together with all the operations that know
how to deal with those values. For example, a numeric data type has a
certain set of numbers that you can work with and various mathematical
operations that you can do on the numbers but would make little sense
on, say, a string such as "Kilroy". Strings have their own
operations, such as /concatenation. Compound types made of a
number of smaller pieces generally have operations to compose and
decompose them, and perhaps to rearrange them. Objects
that model things in the real world often have operations that
correspond to real activities. For instance, if you model an
elevator, your elevator object might have an open_door()
/method.
(TBT)
(データグラム(datagram))
A packet of data, such as a /UDP message, that (from the viewpoint of the programs involved) can be sent independently over the network. (In fact, all packets are sent independently at the /IP level, but /stream protocols such as /TCP hide this from your program.) (TBT)
Stands for "Data Base Management" routines, a set of routines that emulate an /associative array using disk files. The routines use a dynamic hashing scheme to locate any entry with only two disk accesses. DBM files allow a Perl program to keep a persistent /hash across multiple invocations. You can tie your hash variables to various DBM implementations--see AnyDBM_File and DB_File. (TBT)
(宣言(declaration))
An /assertion that states something exists and perhaps describes what it's like, without giving any commitment as to how or where you'll use it. A declaration is like the part of your recipe that says, "two cups flour, one large egg, four or five tadpoles..." See /statement for its opposite. Note that some declarations also function as statements. Subroutine declarations also act as definitions if a body is supplied. (TBT)
(デクリメント(decrement))
To subtract a value from a variable, as in "decrement $x" (meaning
to remove 1 from its value) or "decrement $x by 3".
(TBT)
(デフォルト(default))
A /value chosen for you if you don't supply a value of your own. (TBT)
(定義済み(defined))
Having a meaning. Perl thinks that some of the things people try to do are devoid of meaning, in particular, making use of variables that have never been given a /value and performing certain operations on data that isn't there. For example, if you try to read data past the end of a file, Perl will hand you back an undefined value. See also /false and perlfunc/defined. (TBT)
(デリミタ(delimiter))
A /character or /string that sets bounds to an arbitrarily-sized textual object, not to be confused with a /separator or /terminator. "To delimit" really just means "to surround" or "to enclose" (like these parentheses are doing). (TBT)
(非推奨のモジュールと機能(deprecated modules and features))
Deprecated modules and features are those which were part of a stable
release, but later found to be subtly flawed, and which should be avoided.
They are subject to removal and/or bug-incompatible reimplementation in
the next major release (but they will be preserved through maintenance
releases). Deprecation warnings are issued under -w or use
diagnostics, and notices are found in perldeltas, as well as various
other PODs. Coding practices that misuse features, such as my $foo if
0, can also be deprecated.
(TBT)
(デリファレンス(dereference))
A fancy computer science term meaning "to follow a /reference to what it points to". The "de" part of it refers to the fact that you're taking away one level of /indirection. (TBT)
(派生クラス(derived class))
A /class that defines some of its methods in terms of a more generic class, called a /base class. Note that classes aren't classified exclusively into base classes or derived classes: a class can function as both a derived class and a base class simultaneously, which is kind of classy. (TBT)
(記述子(descriptor))
See /file descriptor. (TBT)
To deallocate the memory of a /referent (first triggering its
DESTROY method, if it has one).
(TBT)
(デストラクタ(destructor))
A special /method that is called when an /object is thinking
about destroying itself. A Perl program's DESTROY
method doesn't do the actual destruction; Perl just
triggers the method in case the /class wants to do any
associated cleanup.
(TBT)
(デバイス(device))
A whiz-bang hardware gizmo (like a disk or tape drive or a modem or a joystick or a mouse) attached to your computer, that the /operating system tries to make look like a /file (or a bunch of files). Under Unix, these fake files tend to live in the /dev directory. (TBT)
(指示子(directive))
A /pod directive. See perlpod. (TBT)
(ディレクトリ(directory))
A special file that contains other files. Some operating systems call these "folders", "drawers", or "catalogs". (TBT)
(ディレクトリハンドル(directory handle))
A name that represents a particular instance of opening a directory to read it, until you close it. See the opendir function. (TBT)
(発行(dispatch))
To send something to its correct destination. Often used metaphorically to indicate a transfer of programmatic control to a destination selected algorithmically, often by lookup in a table of function references or, in the case of object methods, by traversing the inheritance tree looking for the most specific definition for the method. (TBT)
A standard, bundled release of a system of software. The default usage implies source code is included. If that is not the case, it will be called a "binary-only" distribution. (TBT)
When Perl 5 was first released (see perlhistory), several modules were included, which have now fallen out of common use. It has been suggested that these modules should be removed, since the distribution became rather large, and the common criterion for new module additions is now limited to modules that help to build, test, and extend perl itself. Furthermore, the CPAN (which didn't exist at the time of Perl 5.0) can become the new home of dropped modules. Dropping modules is currently not an option, but further developments may clear the last barriers. (TBT)
An enchantment, illusion, phantasm, or jugglery. Said when Perl's magical /dwimmer effects don't do what you expect, but rather seem to be the product of arcane dweomercraft, sorcery, or wonder working. [From Old English] (TBT)
DWIM is an acronym for "Do What I Mean", the principle that something should just do what you want it to do without an undue amount of fuss. A bit of code that does "dwimming" is a "dwimmer". Dwimming can require a great deal of behind-the-scenes magic, which (if it doesn't stay properly behind the scenes) is called a /dweomer instead. (TBT)
(動的スコープ(dynamic scoping))
Dynamic scoping works over a dynamic scope, making variables visible throughout the rest of the /block in which they are first used and in any subroutines that are called by the rest of the block. Dynamically scoped variables can have their values temporarily changed (and implicitly restored later) by a local operator. (Compare /lexical scoping.) Used more loosely to mean how a subroutine that is in the middle of calling another subroutine "contains" that subroutine at /run time. (TBT)
Derived from many sources. Some would say too many. (TBT)
(要素(element))
A basic building block. When you're talking about an /array, it's one of the items that make up the array. (TBT)
(組み込み(embedding))
When something is contained in something else, particularly when that might be considered surprising: "I've embedded a complete Perl interpreter in my editor!" (TBT)
(空のサブクラステスト(empty subclass test))
The notion that an empty /derived class should behave exactly like its /base class. (TBT)
When you change a /value as it is being copied. [From French, "in passing", as in the exotic pawn-capturing maneuver in chess.] (TBT)
(カプセル化(encapsulation))
The veil of abstraction separating the /interface from the /implementation (whether enforced or not), which mandates that all access to an /object's state be through methods alone. (TBT)
(エンディアン(endian))
See /little-endian and /big-endian. (TBT)
(環境(environment))
The collective set of environment variables
your /process inherits from its parent. Accessed via %ENV.
(TBT)
(環境変数(environment variable))
A mechanism by which some high-level agent such as a user can pass its preferences down to its future offspring (child processes, grandchild processes, great-grandchild processes, and so on). Each environment variable is a /key//value pair, like one entry in a /hash. (TBT)
End of File. Sometimes used metaphorically as the terminating string of a /here document. (TBT)
The error number returned by a /syscall when it fails. Perl refers
to the error by the name $! (or $OS_ERROR if you use the English
module).
(TBT)
(エラー(error))
See /exception or /fatal error. (TBT)
(エスケープシーケンス(escape sequence))
See /metasymbol. (TBT)
(例外(exception))
A fancy term for an error. See /fatal error. (TBT)
(例外処理(exception handling))
The way a program responds to an error. The exception handling mechanism in Perl is the eval operator. (TBT)
To throw away the current /process's program and replace it with another without exiting the process or relinquishing any resources held (apart from the old memory image). (TBT)
(実行ファイル(executable file))
A /file that is specially marked to tell the /operating system that it's okay to run this file as a program. Usually shortened to "executable". (TBT)
(実行(execute))
To run a program or /subroutine. (Has nothing to do with the kill built-in, unless you're trying to run a /signal handler.) (TBT)
(実行許可ビット(execute bit))
The special mark that tells the operating system it can run this program. There are actually three execute bits under Unix, and which bit gets used depends on whether you own the file singularly, collectively, or not at all. (TBT)
(終了コード(exit status))
See /status. (TBT)
(エクスポート(export))
To make symbols from a /module available for /import by other modules. (TBT)
(式(expression))
Anything you can legally say in a spot where a /value is required. Typically composed of literals, variables, operators, functions, and /subroutine calls, not necessarily in that order. (TBT)
(エクステンション(extension))
A Perl module that also pulls in compiled C or C++ code. More generally, any experimental option that can be compiled into Perl, such as multithreading. (TBT)
(偽(false))
In Perl, any value that would look like "" or "0" if evaluated
in a string context. Since undefined values evaluate to "", all
undefined values are false, but not all false values are undefined.
(TBT)
Frequently Asked Question (although not necessarily frequently answered, especially if the answer appears in the Perl FAQ shipped standard with Perl). (TBT)
(致命的エラー(fatal error))
An uncaught /exception, which causes termination of the /process
after printing a message on your /standard error stream. Errors
that happen inside an eval are not fatal. Instead,
the eval terminates after placing the exception
message in the $@ ($EVAL_ERROR) variable. You can try to
provoke a fatal error with the die operator (known as
throwing or raising an exception), but this may be caught by a
dynamically enclosing eval. If not caught, the
die becomes a fatal error.
(TBT)
(フィールド(field))
A single piece of numeric or string data that is part of a longer /string, /record, or /line. Variable-width fields are usually split up by separators (so use split to extract the fields), while fixed-width fields are usually at fixed positions (so use unpack). Instance variables are also known as fields. (TBT)
First In, First Out. See also /LIFO. Also, a nickname for a /named pipe. (TBT)
(ファイル(file))
A named collection of data, usually stored on disk in a /directory in a /filesystem. Roughly like a document, if you're into office metaphors. In modern filesystems, you can actually give a file more than one name. Some files have special properties, like directories and devices. (TBT)
(ファイル記述子(file descriptor))
The little number the /operating system uses to keep track of which opened /file you're talking about. Perl hides the file descriptor inside a /standard I/O stream and then attaches the stream to a /filehandle. (TBT)
(ファイルテスト演算子(file test operator))
A built-in unary operator that you use to determine whether something
is /true about a file, such as -o $filename to test whether
you're the owner of the file.
(TBT)
(ファイルグロブ(fileglob))
A "wildcard" match on filenames. See the glob function. (TBT)
(ファイルハンドル(filehandle))
An identifier (not necessarily related to the real name of a file) that represents a particular instance of opening a file until you close it. If you're going to open and close several different files in succession, it's fine to open each of them with the same filehandle, so you don't have to write out separate code to process each file. (TBT)
(ファイル名(filename))
One name for a file. This name is listed in a /directory, and you can use it in an open to tell the /operating system exactly which file you want to open, and associate the file with a /filehandle which will carry the subsequent identity of that file in your program, until you close it. (TBT)
(ファイルシステム(filesystem))
A set of directories and files residing on a partition of the disk. Sometimes known as a "partition". You can change the file's name or even move a file around from directory to directory within a filesystem without actually moving the file itself, at least under Unix. (TBT)
(フィルタ(filter))
A program designed to take a /stream of input and transform it into a stream of output. (TBT)
(フラグ(flag))
We tend to avoid this term because it means so many things. It may
mean a command-line /switch that takes no argument
itself (such as Perl's -n and -p
flags) or, less frequently, a single-bit indicator (such as the
O_CREAT and O_EXCL flags used in
sysopen).
(TBT)
(浮動小数点(floating point))
A method of storing numbers in "scientific notation", such that the precision of the number is independent of its magnitude (the decimal point "floats"). Perl does its numeric work with floating-point numbers (sometimes called "floats"), when it can't get away with using integers. Floating-point numbers are mere approximations of real numbers. (TBT)
The act of emptying a /buffer, often before it's full. (TBT)
Far More Than Everything You Ever Wanted To Know. An exhaustive treatise on one narrow topic, something of a super-/FAQ. See Tom for far more. (TBT)
To create a child /process identical to the parent process at its moment of conception, at least until it gets ideas of its own. A thread with protected memory. (TBT)
The generic names by which a /subroutine knows its
arguments. In many languages, formal arguments are
always given individual names, but in Perl, the formal arguments are
just the elements of an array. The formal arguments to a Perl program
are $ARGV[0], $ARGV[1], and so on. Similarly, the formal
arguments to a Perl subroutine are $_[0], $_[1], and so on. You
may give the arguments individual names by assigning the values to a
my list. See also /actual arguments.
(TBT)
(フォーマット(format))
A specification of how many spaces and digits and things to put somewhere so that whatever you're printing comes out nice and pretty. (TBT)
(自由に利用可能(freely available))
Means you don't have to pay money to get it, but the copyright on it may still belong to someone else (like Larry). (TBT)
(自由に再配布可能(freely redistributable))
Means you're not in legal trouble if you give a bootleg copy of it to your friends and we find out about it. In fact, we'd rather you gave a copy to all your friends. (TBT)
(フリーウェア(freeware))
Historically, any software that you give away, particularly if you
make the source code available as well. Now often called open
source software. Recently there has been a trend to use the term in
contradistinction to /open source software, to refer only to free
software released under the Free Software Foundation's GPL (General
Public License), but this is difficult to justify etymologically.
(TBT)
(関数(function))
Mathematically, a mapping of each of a set of input values to a particular output value. In computers, refers to a /subroutine or /operator that returns a /value. It may or may not have input values (called arguments). (TBT)
Someone like Larry, or one of his peculiar friends. Also refers to the strange prefixes that Perl requires as noun markers on its variables. (TBT)
(ガベージコレクション(garbage collection))
A misnamed feature--it should be called, "expecting your mother to pick up after you". Strictly speaking, Perl doesn't do this, but it relies on a reference-counting mechanism to keep things tidy. However, we rarely speak strictly and will often refer to the reference-counting scheme as a form of garbage collection. (If it's any comfort, when your interpreter exits, a "real" garbage collector runs to make sure everything is cleaned up if you've been messy with circular references and such.) (TBT)
Group ID--in Unix, the numeric group ID that the /operating system uses to identify you and members of your /group. (TBT)
(グロブ(glob))
Strictly, the shell's * character, which will match a "glob" of
characters when you're trying to generate a list of filenames.
Loosely, the act of using globs and similar symbols to do pattern
matching. See also /fileglob and /typeglob.
(TBT)
(グローバル(global))
Something you can see from anywhere, usually used of variables and subroutines that are visible everywhere in your program. In Perl, only certain special variables are truly global--most variables (and all subroutines) exist only in the current /package. Global variables can be declared with our. See perlfunc/our. (TBT)
The /garbage collection of globals (and the running of any associated object destructors) that takes place when a Perl /interpreter is being shut down. Global destruction should not be confused with the Apocalypse, except perhaps when it should. (TBT)
A language such as Perl that is good at hooking things together that weren't intended to be hooked together. (TBT)
(粒度(granularity))
The size of the pieces you're dealing with, mentally speaking. (TBT)
(貪欲(greedy))
A /subpattern whose /quantifier wants to match as many things as possible. (TBT)
Originally from the old Unix editor command for "Globally search for a Regular Expression and Print it", now used in the general sense of any kind of search, especially text searches. Perl has a built-in grep function that searches a list for elements matching any given criterion, whereas the grep(1) program searches for lines matching a /regular expression in one or more files. (TBT)
(グループ(group))
A set of users of which you are a member. In some operating systems (like Unix), you can give certain file access permissions to other members of your group. (TBT)
An internal "glob value" typedef, holding a /typeglob. The /GV type is a subclass of /SV. (TBT)
Someone who is brilliantly persistent in solving technical problems, whether these involve golfing, fighting orcs, or programming. Hacker is a neutral term, morally speaking. Good hackers are not to be confused with evil crackers or clueless script kiddies. If you confuse them, we will presume that you are either evil or clueless. (TBT)
A /subroutine or /method that is called by Perl when your program needs to respond to some internal event, such as a /signal, or an encounter with an operator subject to /operator overloading. See also /callback. (TBT)
A /scalar /value containing the actual address of a /referent, such that the referent's /reference count accounts for it. (Some hard references are held internally, such as the implicit reference from one of a /typeglob's variable slots to its corresponding referent.) A hard reference is different from a /symbolic reference. (TBT)
An unordered association of /key//value pairs, stored such that you can easily use a string /key to look up its associated data /value. This glossary is like a hash, where the word to be defined is the key, and the definition is the value. A hash is also sometimes septisyllabically called an "associative array", which is a pretty good reason for simply calling it a "hash" instead. (TBT)
A data structure used internally by Perl for implementing associative arrays (hashes) efficiently. See also /bucket. (TBT)
A file containing certain required definitions that you must include "ahead" of the rest of your program to do certain obscure operations. A C header file has a .h extension. Perl doesn't really have header files, though historically Perl has sometimes used translated .h files with a .ph extension. See perlfunc/require. (Header files have been superseded by the /module mechanism.) (TBT)
(ヒアドキュメント(here document))
So called because of a similar construct in shells that pretends that the lines following the /command are a separate /file to be fed to the command, up to some terminating string. In Perl, however, it's just a fancy form of quoting. (TBT)
A number in base 16, "hex" for short. The digits for 10 through 16
are customarily represented by the letters a through f.
Hexadecimal constants in Perl start with 0x. See also
perlfunc/hex.
(TBT)
The directory you are put into when you log in. On a Unix system, the
name is often placed into $ENV{HOME} or $ENV{LOGDIR} by
login, but you can also find it with (getpwuid($<))[7].
(Some platforms do not have a concept of a home directory.)
(TBT)
The computer on which a program or other data resides. (TBT)
Excessive pride, the sort of thing Zeus zaps you for. Also the quality that makes you write (and maintain) programs that other people won't want to say bad things about. Hence, the third great virtue of a programmer. See also /laziness and /impatience. (TBT)
Short for a "hash value" typedef, which holds Perl's internal representation of a hash. The /HV type is a subclass of /SV. (TBT)
(識別子(identifier))
A legally formed name for most anything in which a computer program might be interested. Many languages (including Perl) allow identifiers that start with a letter and contain letters and digits. Perl also counts the underscore character as a valid letter. (Perl also has more complicated names, such as /qualified names.) (TBT)
(短気(impatience))
The anger you feel when the computer is being lazy. This makes you write programs that don't just react to your needs, but actually anticipate them. Or at least that pretend to. Hence, the second great virtue of a programmer. See also /laziness and /hubris. (TBT)
(実装(implementation))
How a piece of code actually goes about doing its job. Users of the code should not count on implementation details staying the same unless they are part of the published /interface. (TBT)
(インポート(import))
To gain access to symbols that are exported from another module. See perlfunc/use. (TBT)
(インクリメント(increment))
To increase the value of something by 1 (or by some other number, if so specified). (TBT)
In olden days, the act of looking up a /key in an actual index (such as a phone book), but now merely the act of using any kind of key or position to find the corresponding /value, even if no index is involved. Things have degenerated to the point that Perl's index function merely locates the position (index) of one string in another. (TBT)
(間接ファイルハンドル(indirect filehandle))
An /expression that evaluates to something that can be used as a /filehandle: a /string (filehandle name), a /typeglob, a typeglob /reference, or a low-level /IO object. (TBT)
(間接オブジェクト(indirect object))
In English grammar, a short noun phrase between a verb and its direct
object indicating the beneficiary or recipient of the action. In
Perl, print STDOUT "$foo\n"; can be understood as "verb
indirect-object object" where /STDOUT is the recipient of the
print action, and "$foo" is the object being
printed. Similarly, when invoking a /method, you might place the
invocant between the method and its arguments:
(TBT)
$gollum = new Pathetic::Creature "Smeagol"; give $gollum "Fisssssh!"; give $gollum "Precious!";
The syntactic position falling between a method call and its arguments when using the indirect object invocation syntax. (The slot is distinguished by the absence of a comma between it and the next argument.) /STDERR is in the indirect object slot here: (TBT)
print STDERR "Awake! Awake! Fear, Fire,
Foes! Awake!\n";
If something in a program isn't the value you're looking for but indicates where the value is, that's indirection. This can be done with either symbolic references or hard references. (TBT)
(中置(infix))
An /operator that comes in between its operands, such
as multiplication in 24 * 7.
(TBT)
(継承(inheritance))
What you get from your ancestors, genetically or otherwise. If you happen to be a /class, your ancestors are called base classes and your descendants are called derived classes. See /single inheritance and /multiple inheritance. (TBT)
(インスタンス(instance))
Short for "an instance of a class", meaning an /object of that /class. (TBT)
(インスタンス変数(instance variable))
An /attribute of an /object; data stored with the particular object rather than with the class as a whole. (TBT)
(整数(integer))
A number with no fractional (decimal) part. A counting number, like 1, 2, 3, and so on, but including 0 and the negatives. (TBT)
(インターフェース(interface))
The services a piece of code promises to provide forever, in contrast to its /implementation, which it should feel free to change whenever it likes. (TBT)
(展開(interpolation))
The insertion of a scalar or list value somewhere in the middle of another value, such that it appears to have been there all along. In Perl, variable interpolation happens in double-quoted strings and patterns, and list interpolation occurs when constructing the list of values to pass to a list operator or other such construct that takes a /LIST. (TBT)
(インタプリタ(interpreter))
Strictly speaking, a program that reads a second program and does what the second program says directly without turning the program into a different form first, which is what compilers do. Perl is not an interpreter by this definition, because it contains a kind of compiler that takes a program and turns it into a more executable form (syntax trees) within the perl process itself, which the Perl /run time system then interprets. (TBT)
(呼び出し元(invocant))
The agent on whose behalf a /method is invoked. In a /class method, the invocant is a package name. In an /instance method, the invocant is an object reference. (TBT)
The act of calling up a deity, daemon, program, method, subroutine, or function to get it do what you think it's supposed to do. We usually "call" subroutines but "invoke" methods, since it sounds cooler. (TBT)
An internal I/O object. Can also mean /indirect object. (TBT)
Internet Protocol, or Intellectual Property. (TBT)
Interprocess Communication. (TBT)
A relationship between two objects in which one object is considered to be a more specific version of the other, generic object: "A camel is a mammal." Since the generic object really only exists in a Platonic sense, we usually add a little abstraction to the notion of objects and think of the relationship as being between a generic /base class and a specific /derived class. Oddly enough, Platonic classes don't always have Platonic relationships--see /inheritance. (TBT)
(反復(iteration))
Doing something repeatedly. (TBT)
(反復子(iterator))
A special programming gizmo that keeps track of where you are in
something that you're trying to iterate over. The foreach loop in
Perl contains an iterator; so does a hash, allowing you to
each through it.
(TBT)
The integer four, not to be confused with six, Tom's favorite editor. IV also means an internal Integer Value of the type a /scalar can hold, not to be confused with an /NV. (TBT)
"Just Another Perl Hacker," a clever but cryptic bit of Perl code that when executed, evaluates to that string. Often used to illustrate a particular Perl feature, and something of an ongoing Obfuscated Perl Contest seen in Usenix signatures. (TBT)
(キー(key))
The string index to a /hash, used to look up the /value associated with that key. (TBT)
(キーワード(keyword))
See /reserved words. (TBT)
(ラベル(label))
A name you give to a /statement so that you can talk about that statement elsewhere in the program. (TBT)
(怠惰(laziness))
The quality that makes you go to great effort to reduce overall energy expenditure. It makes you write labor-saving programs that other people will find useful, and document what you wrote so you don't have to answer so many questions about it. Hence, the first great virtue of a programmer. Also hence, this book. See also /impatience and /hubris. (TBT)
(左シフト(left shift))
A /bit shift that multiplies the number by some power of 2. (TBT)
The preference of the /regular expression engine to match the leftmost occurrence of a /pattern, then given a position at which a match will occur, the preference for the longest match (presuming the use of a /greedy quantifier). See perlre for much more on this subject. (TBT)
Fancy term for a /token. (TBT)
Fancy term for a /tokener. (TBT)
(レキシカル解析(lexical analysis))
Fancy term for /tokenizing. (TBT)
(レキシカルスコープ(lexical scoping))
Looking at your Oxford English Dictionary through a microscope. (Also known as /static scoping, because dictionaries don't change very fast.) Similarly, looking at variables stored in a private dictionary (namespace) for each scope, which are visible only from their point of declaration down to the end of the lexical scope in which they are declared. --Syn. /static scoping. --Ant. /dynamic scoping. (TBT)
(レキシカル変数(lexical variable))
A /variable subject to /lexical scoping, declared by my. Often just called a "lexical". (The our declaration declares a lexically scoped name for a global variable, which is not itself a lexical variable.) (TBT)
(ライブラリ(library))
Generally, a collection of procedures. In ancient days, referred to a collection of subroutines in a .pl file. In modern times, refers more often to the entire collection of Perl modules on your system. (TBT)
Last In, First Out. See also /FIFO. A LIFO is usually called a /stack. (TBT)
(行(line))
In Unix, a sequence of zero or more non-newline characters terminated with a /newline character. On non-Unix machines, this is emulated by the C library even if the underlying /operating system has different ideas. (TBT)
(行バッファリング(line buffering))
Used by a /standard I/O output stream that flushes its /buffer after every /newline. Many standard I/O libraries automatically set up line buffering on output that is going to the terminal. (TBT)
(行番号(line number))
The number of lines read previous to this one, plus 1. Perl keeps a
separate line number for each source or input file it opens. The
current source file's line number is represented by __LINE__. The
current input line number (for the file that was most recently read
via <FH>) is represented by the $.
($INPUT_LINE_NUMBER) variable. Many error messages report both
values, if available.
(TBT)
(リンク(link))
Used as a noun, a name in a /directory, representing a /file. A given file can have multiple links to it. It's like having the same phone number listed in the phone directory under different names. As a verb, to resolve a partially compiled file's unresolved symbols into a (nearly) executable image. Linking can generally be static or dynamic, which has nothing to do with static or dynamic scoping. (TBT)
A syntactic construct representing a comma-separated list of expressions, evaluated to produce a /list value. Each /expression in a /LIST is evaluated in /list context and interpolated into the list value. (TBT)
(リスト(list))
An ordered set of scalar values. (TBT)
(リストコンテキスト(list context))
The situation in which an /expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a list of values rather than a single value. Functions that want a /LIST of arguments tell those arguments that they should produce a list value. See also /context. (TBT)
(リスト演算子(list operator))
An /operator that does something with a list of values, such as join or grep. Usually used for named built-in operators (such as print, unlink, and system) that do not require parentheses around their /argument list. (TBT)
(リスト値(list value))
An unnamed list of temporary scalar values that may be passed around within a program from any list-generating function to any function or construct that provides a /list context. (TBT)
(リテラル(literal))
A token in a programming language such as a number or /string that gives you an actual /value instead of merely representing possible values as a /variable does. (TBT)
(リトルエンディアン(little-endian))
From Swift: someone who eats eggs little end first. Also used of computers that store the least significant /byte of a word at a lower byte address than the most significant byte. Often considered superior to big-endian machines. See also /big-endian. (TBT)
(ローカル(local))
Not meaning the same thing everywhere. A global variable in Perl can be localized inside a dynamic scope via the local operator. (TBT)
(論理演算子(logical operator))
Symbols representing the concepts "and", "or", "xor", and "not". (TBT)
(先読み(lookahead))
An /assertion that peeks at the string to the right of the current match location. (TBT)
(戻り読み(lookbehind))
An /assertion that peeks at the string to the left of the current match location. (TBT)
(ループ(loop))
A construct that performs something repeatedly, like a roller coaster. (TBT)
(ループ制御文(loop control statement))
Any statement within the body of a loop that can make a loop prematurely stop looping or skip an /iteration. Generally you shouldn't try this on roller coasters. (TBT)
(ループラベル(loop label))
A kind of key or name attached to a loop (or roller coaster) so that loop control statements can talk about which loop they want to control. (TBT)
(左辺値化可能(lvaluable))
Able to serve as an /lvalue. (TBT)
(左辺値(lvalue))
Term used by language lawyers for a storage location you can assign a
new /value to, such as a /variable or an element of an
/array. The "l" is short for "left", as in the left side of an
assignment, a typical place for lvalues. An /lvaluable function or
expression is one to which a value may be assigned, as in pos($x) =
10.
(TBT)
(左辺値修飾子(lvalue modifier))
An adjectival pseudofunction that warps the meaning of an /lvalue in some declarative fashion. Currently there are three lvalue modifiers: my, our, and local. (TBT)
(マジック(magic))
Technically speaking, any extra semantics attached to a variable such
as $!, $0, %ENV, or %SIG, or to any tied variable.
Magical things happen when you diddle those variables.
(TBT)
(マジカルインクリメント(magical increment))
An /increment operator that knows how to bump up alphabetics as well as numbers. (TBT)
(マジカル変数(magical variables))
Special variables that have side effects when you access them or
assign to them. For example, in Perl, changing elements of the
%ENV array also changes the corresponding environment variables
that subprocesses will use. Reading the $! variable gives you the
current system error number or message.
(TBT)
A file that controls the compilation of a program. Perl programs don't usually need a /Makefile because the Perl compiler has plenty of self-control. (TBT)
The Unix program that displays online documentation (manual pages) for you. (TBT)
(man ページ(manpage))
A "page" from the manuals, typically accessed via the man(1) command. A manpage contains a SYNOPSIS, a DESCRIPTION, a list of BUGS, and so on, and is typically longer than a page. There are manpages documenting commands, syscalls, /library functions, devices, protocols, files, and such. In this book, we call any piece of standard Perl documentation (like perlop or perldelta) a manpage, no matter what format it's installed in on your system. (TBT)
(マッチング(matching))
See /pattern matching. (TBT)
See /instance variable. (TBT)
(メモリ(memory))
This always means your main memory, not your disk. Clouding the issue is the fact that your machine may implement /virtual memory; that is, it will pretend that it has more memory than it really does, and it'll use disk space to hold inactive bits. This can make it seem like you have a little more memory than you really do, but it's not a substitute for real memory. The best thing that can be said about virtual memory is that it lets your performance degrade gradually rather than suddenly when you run out of real memory. But your program can die when you run out of virtual memory too, if you haven't thrashed your disk to death first. (TBT)
(メタ文字(metacharacter))
A /character that is not supposed to be treated normally. Which characters are to be treated specially as metacharacters varies greatly from context to context. Your /shell will have certain metacharacters, double-quoted Perl strings have other metacharacters, and /regular expression patterns have all the double-quote metacharacters plus some extra ones of their own. (TBT)
(メタシンボル(metasymbol))
Something we'd call a /metacharacter except that it's a sequence of more than one character. Generally, the first character in the sequence must be a true metacharacter to get the other characters in the metasymbol to misbehave along with it. (TBT)
(メソッド(method))
A kind of action that an /object can take if you tell it to. See perlobj. (TBT)
The belief that "small is beautiful." Paradoxically, if you say something in a small language, it turns out big, and if you say it in a big language, it turns out small. Go figure. (TBT)
(モード(mode))
In the context of the stat syscall, refers to the field holding the /permission bits and the type of the /file. (TBT)
(修飾子(modifier))
See /statement modifier, /regular expression modifier, and /lvalue modifier, not necessarily in that order. (TBT)
(モジュール(module))
A /file that defines a /package of (almost) the same name, which can either /export symbols or function as an /object class. (A module's main .pm file may also load in other files in support of the module.) See the use built-in. (TBT)
An integer divisor when you're interested in the remainder instead of the quotient. (TBT)
(モンガー(monger))
Short for Perl Monger, a purveyor of Perl. (TBT)
(揮発性(mortal))
A temporary value scheduled to die when the current statement finishes. (TBT)
(多次元配列(multidimensional array))
An array with multiple subscripts for finding a single element. Perl implements these using references--see perllol and perldsc. (TBT)
(多重継承(multiple inheritance))
The features you got from your mother and father, mixed together unpredictably. (See also /inheritance, and /single inheritance.) In computer languages (including Perl), the notion that a given class may have multiple direct ancestors or base classes. (TBT)
(名前付きパイプ(named pipe))
A /pipe with a name embedded in the /filesystem so that it can be accessed by two unrelated processes. (TBT)
(名前空間(namespace))
A domain of names. You needn't worry about whether the names in one such domain have been used in another. See /package. (TBT)
(ネットワークアドレス(network address))
The most important attribute of a socket, like your telephone's telephone number. Typically an IP address. See also /port. (TBT)
(改行(newline))
A single character that represents the end of a line, with the ASCII
value of 012 octal under Unix (but 015 on a Mac), and represented by
\n in Perl strings. For Windows machines writing text files, and
for certain physical devices like terminals, the single newline gets
automatically translated by your C library into a line feed and a
carriage return, but normally, no translation is done.
(TBT)
Network File System, which allows you to mount a remote filesystem as if it were local. (TBT)
(ヌル文字(null character))
A character with the ASCII value of zero. It's used by C to terminate strings, but Perl allows strings to contain a null. (TBT)
(空リスト(null list))
A /list value with zero elements, represented in Perl by ().
(TBT)
(空文字列(null string))
A /string containing no characters, not to be confused with a string containing a /null character, which has a positive length and is /true. (TBT)
(数値コンテキスト(numeric context))
The situation in which an expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a number. See also /context and /string context. (TBT)
Short for Nevada, no part of which will ever be confused with civilization. NV also means an internal floating-point Numeric Value of the type a /scalar can hold, not to be confused with an /IV. (TBT)
(ニブル(nybble))
Half a /byte, equivalent to one /hexadecimal digit, and worth four bits. (TBT)
(オブジェクト(object))
An /instance of a /class. Something that "knows" what user-defined type (class) it is, and what it can do because of what class it is. Your program can request an object to do things, but the object gets to decide whether it wants to do them or not. Some objects are more accommodating than others. (TBT)
(8 進数(octal))
A number in base 8. Only the digits 0 through 7 are allowed. Octal constants in Perl start with 0, as in 013. See also the oct function. (TBT)
(オフセット(offset))
How many things you have to skip over when moving from the beginning of a string or array to a specific position within it. Thus, the minimum offset is zero, not one, because you don't skip anything to get to the first item. (TBT)
(一行野郎(one-liner))
An entire computer program crammed into one line of text. (TBT)
(オープンソースソフトウェア(open source software))
Programs for which the source code is freely available and freely redistributable, with no commercial strings attached. For a more detailed definition, see http://www.opensource.org/osd.html. (TBT)
(オペランド(operand))
An /expression that yields a /value that an /operator operates on. See also /precedence. (TBT)
(オペレーティングシステム(operating system))
A special program that runs on the bare machine and hides the gory details of managing processes and devices. Usually used in a looser sense to indicate a particular culture of programming. The loose sense can be used at varying levels of specificity. At one extreme, you might say that all versions of Unix and Unix-lookalikes are the same operating system (upsetting many people, especially lawyers and other advocates). At the other extreme, you could say this particular version of this particular vendor's operating system is different from any other version of this or any other vendor's operating system. Perl is much more portable across operating systems than many other languages. See also /architecture and /platform. (TBT)
(演算子(operator))
A gizmo that transforms some number of input values to some number of output values, often built into a language with a special syntax or symbol. A given operator may have specific expectations about what types of data you give as its arguments (operands) and what type of data you want back from it. (TBT)
(演算子オーバーロード(operator overloading))
A kind of /overloading that you can do on built-in operators to make them work on objects as if the objects were ordinary scalar values, but with the actual semantics supplied by the object class. This is set up with the overload /pragma. (TBT)
(オプション(options))
See either switches or /regular expression modifier. (TBT)
(オーバーロード(overloading))
Giving additional meanings to a symbol or construct. Actually, all languages do overloading to one extent or another, since people are good at figuring out things from /context. (TBT)
(オーバーライド(overriding))
Hiding or invalidating some other definition of the same name. (Not to be confused with /overloading, which adds definitions that must be disambiguated some other way.) To confuse the issue further, we use the word with two overloaded definitions: to describe how you can define your own /subroutine to hide a built-in /function of the same name (see perlsub/Overriding Built-in Functions) and to describe how you can define a replacement /method in a /derived class to hide a /base class's method of the same name (see perlobj). (TBT)
(所有者(owner))
The one user (apart from the superuser) who has absolute control over a /file. A file may also have a /group of users who may exercise joint ownership if the real owner permits it. See /permission bits. (TBT)
(パッケージ(package))
A /namespace for global variables, subroutines, and the like, such that they can be kept separate from like-named symbols in other namespaces. In a sense, only the package is global, since the symbols in the package's symbol table are only accessible from code compiled outside the package by naming the package. But in another sense, all package symbols are also globals--they're just well-organized globals. (TBT)
(パッド(pad))
Short for /scratchpad. (TBT)
(パラメータ(parameter))
See /argument. (TBT)
(親クラス(parent class))
See /base class. (TBT)
(パース木(parse tree))
See /syntax tree. (TBT)
(パース(parsing))
The subtle but sometimes brutal art of attempting to turn your possibly malformed program into a valid /syntax tree. (TBT)
(パッチ(patch))
To fix by applying one, as it were. In the realm of hackerdom, a listing of the differences between two versions of a program as might be applied by the patch(1) program when you want to fix a bug or upgrade your old version. (TBT)
The list of directories the system searches to find a
program you want to /execute. The list is stored as one of your
environment variables, accessible in Perl as
$ENV{PATH}.
(TBT)
(パス名(pathname))
A fully qualified filename such as /usr/bin/perl. Sometimes confused with /PATH. (TBT)
(パターン(pattern))
A template used in /pattern matching. (TBT)
(パターンマッチング(pattern matching))
Taking a pattern, usually a /regular expression, and trying the pattern various ways on a string to see whether there's any way to make it fit. Often used to pick interesting tidbits out of a file. (TBT)
(許可ビット(permission bits))
Bits that the /owner of a file sets or unsets to allow or disallow access to other people. These flag bits are part of the /mode word returned by the stat built-in when you ask about a file. On Unix systems, you can check the ls(1) manpage for more information. (TBT)
What you get when you do Perl++ twice. Doing it only once will
curl your hair. You have to increment it eight times to shampoo your
hair. Lather, rinse, iterate.
(TBT)
(パイプ(pipe))
A direct /connection that carries the output of one /process to the input of another without an intermediate temporary file. Once the pipe is set up, the two processes in question can read and write as if they were talking to a normal file, with some caveats. (TBT)
(パイプライン(pipeline))
A series of processes all in a row, linked by pipes, where each passes its output stream to the next. (TBT)
(プラットフォーム(platform))
change any of: machine, operating system, libraries, compiler, or system configuration. The perl interpreter has to be compiled differently for each platform because it is implemented in C, but programs written in the Perl language are largely platform-independent. (TBT)
The markup used to embed documentation into your Perl code. See perlpod. (TBT)
(ポインタ(pointer))
A /variable in a language like C that contains the exact memory location of some other item. Perl handles pointers internally so you don't have to worry about them. Instead, you just use symbolic pointers in the form of keys and /variable names, or hard references, which aren't pointers (but act like pointers and do in fact contain pointers). (TBT)
(多態性(polymorphism))
The notion that you can tell an /object to do something generic, and the object will interpret the command in different ways depending on its type. [<Gk many shapes] (TBT)
(ポート(port))
The part of the address of a TCP or UDP socket that directs packets to the correct process after finding the right machine, something like the phone extension you give when you reach the company operator. Also, the result of converting code to run on a different platform than originally intended, or the verb denoting this conversion. (TBT)
(移植性のある(portable))
Once upon a time, C code compilable under both BSD and SysV. In general, code that can be easily converted to run on another /platform, where "easily" can be defined however you like, and usually is. Anything may be considered portable if you try hard enough. See mobile home or London Bridge. (TBT)
(移植者(porter))
Someone who "carries" software from one /platform to another. Porting programs written in platform-dependent languages such as C can be difficult work, but porting programs like Perl is very much worth the agony. (TBT)
The Portable Operating System Interface specification. (TBT)
(接尾辞(postfix))
An internal shorthand for a "push-pop" code, that is, C code implementing Perl's stack machine. (TBT)
(プラグマ(pragma))
A standard module whose practical hints and suggestions are received (and possibly ignored) at compile time. Pragmas are named in all lowercase. (TBT)
(優先順位(precedence))
The rules of conduct that, in the absence of other guidance, determine what should happen first. For example, in the absence of parentheses, you always do multiplication before addition. (TBT)
(接頭辞(prefix))
(前処理(preprocessing))
What some helper /process did to transform the incoming data into a form more suitable for the current process. Often done with an incoming /pipe. See also /C preprocessor. (TBT)
(手続き(procedure))
A /subroutine. (TBT)
(プロセス(process))
An instance of a running program. Under multitasking systems like Unix, two or more separate processes could be running the same program independently at the same time--in fact, the fork function is designed to bring about this happy state of affairs. Under other operating systems, processes are sometimes called "threads", "tasks", or "jobs", often with slight nuances in meaning. (TBT)
(プログラム生成器(program generator))
A system that algorithmically writes code for you in a high-level language. See also /code generator. (TBT)
Pattern matching that picks up where it left off before. (TBT)
(プロパティ(property))
See either /instance variable or /character property. (TBT)
(プロトコル(protocol))
In networking, an agreed-upon way of sending messages back and forth so that neither correspondent will get too confused. (TBT)
(プロトタイプ(prototype))
An optional part of a /subroutine declaration telling the Perl compiler how many and what flavor of arguments may be passed as /actual arguments, so that you can write subroutine calls that parse much like built-in functions. (Or don't parse, as the case may be.) (TBT)
(疑似関数(pseudofunction))
A construct that sometimes looks like a function but really isn't.
Usually reserved for /lvalue modifiers like my, for
/context modifiers like scalar, and for the
pick-your-own-quotes constructs, q//, qq//, qx//, qw//,
qr//, m//, s///, y///, and tr///.
(TBT)
(擬似ハッシュ(pseudohash))
A reference to an array whose initial element happens to hold a reference to a hash. You can treat a pseudohash reference as either an array reference or a hash reference. (TBT)
(疑似リテラル(pseudoliteral))
An /operator that looks something like a /literal, such as the
output-grabbing operator, `command`.
(TBT)
(パブリックドメイン(public domain))
Something not owned by anybody. Perl is copyrighted and is thus not in the public domain--it's just /freely available and /freely redistributable. (TBT)
A notional "baton" handed around the Perl community indicating who is the lead integrator in some arena of development. (TBT)
A /pumpkin holder, the person in charge of pumping the pump, or at least priming it. Must be willing to play the part of the Great Pumpkin now and then. (TBT)
A "pointer value", which is Perl Internals Talk for a char*.
(TBT)
(修飾された(qualified))
Possessing a complete name. The symbol $Ent::moot is qualified;
$moot is unqualified. A fully qualified filename is specified from
the top-level directory.
(TBT)
(量指定子(quantifier))
A component of a /regular expression specifying how many times the foregoing /atom may occur. (TBT)
(読み込み可能(readable))
With respect to files, one that has the proper permission bit set to let you access the file. With respect to computer programs, one that's written well enough that someone has a chance of figuring out what it's trying to do. (TBT)
(回収する(reaping))
The last rites performed by a parent /process on behalf of a deceased child process so that it doesn't remain a /zombie. See the wait and waitpid function calls. (TBT)
(レコード(record))
A set of related data values in a /file or /stream, often associated with a unique /key field. In Unix, often commensurate with a /line, or a blank-line-terminated set of lines (a "paragraph"). Each line of the /etc/passwd file is a record, keyed on login name, containing information about that user. (TBT)
(再帰(recursion))
The art of defining something (at least partly) in terms of itself, which is a naughty no-no in dictionaries but often works out okay in computer programs if you're careful not to recurse forever, which is like an infinite loop with more spectacular failure modes. (TBT)
(リファレンス(reference))
Where you look to find a pointer to information somewhere else. (See /indirection.) References come in two flavors, symbolic references and hard references. (TBT)
(リファレンス先(referent))
Whatever a reference refers to, which may or may not have a name. Common types of referents include scalars, arrays, hashes, and subroutines. (TBT)
See /regular expression. (TBT)
(正規表現(regular expression))
A single entity with various interpretations, like an elephant. To a
computer scientist, it's a grammar for a little language in which some
strings are legal and others aren't. To normal people, it's a pattern
you can use to find what you're looking for when it varies from case
to case. Perl's regular expressions are far from regular in the
theoretical sense, but in regular use they work quite well. Here's a
regular expression: /Oh s.*t./. This will match strings like "Oh
say can you see by the dawn's early light" and "Oh sit!". See
perlre.
(TBT)
(正規表現修飾子(regular expression modifier))
An option on a pattern or substitution, such as /i to render the
pattern case insensitive. See also /cloister.
(TBT)
(通常のファイル(regular file))
A /file that's not a /directory, a /device, a named /pipe
or /socket, or a /symbolic link. Perl uses the -f file test
operator to identify regular files. Sometimes called a "plain" file.
(TBT)
(比較演算子(relational operator))
An /operator that says whether a particular ordering relationship is /true about a pair of operands. Perl has both numeric and string relational operators. See /collating sequence. (TBT)
(予約語(reserved words))
A word with a specific, built-in meaning to a /compiler, such as
if or delete. In many languages (not Perl),
it's illegal to use reserved words to name anything else. (Which is
why they're reserved, after all.) In Perl, you just can't use them to
name labels or filehandles. Also called
"keywords".
(TBT)
(返り値(return value))
The /value produced by a /subroutine or /expression when evaluated. In Perl, a return value may be either a /list or a /scalar. (TBT)
Request For Comment, which despite the timid connotations is the name of a series of important standards documents. (TBT)
(右シフト(right shift))
A /bit shift that divides a number by some power of 2. (TBT)
The superuser (UID == 0). Also, the top-level directory of the filesystem. (TBT)
What you are told when someone thinks you should Read The Fine Manual. (TBT)
(実行フェーズ(run phase))
Any time after Perl starts running your main program. See also
/compile phase. Run phase is mostly spent in /run time but may
also be spent in /compile time when require,
do FILE, or eval STRING
operators are executed or when a substitution uses the /ee
modifier.
(TBT)
(実行時(run time))
The time when Perl is actually doing what your code says to do, as opposed to the earlier period of time when it was trying to figure out whether what you said made any sense whatsoever, which is /compile time. (TBT)
(実行時パターン(run-time pattern))
A pattern that contains one or more variables to be interpolated before parsing the pattern as a /regular expression, and that therefore cannot be analyzed at compile time, but must be re-analyzed each time the pattern match operator is evaluated. Run-time patterns are useful but expensive. (TBT)
A recreational vehicle, not to be confused with vehicular recreation. RV also means an internal Reference Value of the type a /scalar can hold. See also /IV and /NV if you're not confused yet. (TBT)
(右辺値(rvalue))
A /value that you might find on the right side of an /assignment. See also /lvalue. (TBT)
(スカラ(scalar))
A simple, singular value; a number, /string, or /reference. (TBT)
(スカラコンテキスト(scalar context))
The situation in which an /expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a single /value rather than a /list of values. See also /context and /list context. A scalar context sometimes imposes additional constraints on the return value--see /string context and /numeric context. Sometimes we talk about a /Boolean context inside conditionals, but this imposes no additional constraints, since any scalar value, whether numeric or /string, is already true or false. (TBT)
(スカラリテラル(scalar literal))
A number or quoted /string--an actual /value in the text of your program, as opposed to a /variable. (TBT)
(スカラ値(scalar value))
A value that happens to be a /scalar as opposed to a /list. (TBT)
(スカラ変数(scalar variable))
A /variable prefixed with $ that holds a single value.
(TBT)
(スコープ(scope))
How far away you can see a variable from, looking through one. Perl has two visibility mechanisms: it does /dynamic scoping of local variables, meaning that the rest of the /block, and any subroutines that are called by the rest of the block, can see the variables that are local to the block. Perl does /lexical scoping of my variables, meaning that the rest of the block can see the variable, but other subroutines called by the block cannot see the variable. (TBT)
(スクラッチパッド(scratchpad))
The area in which a particular invocation of a particular file or subroutine keeps some of its temporary values, including any lexically scoped variables. (TBT)
(スクリプト(script))
A text /file that is a program intended to be executed directly rather than compiled to another form of file before execution. Also, in the context of /Unicode, a writing system for a particular language or group of languages, such as Greek, Bengali, or Klingon. (TBT)
(スクリプトキディ(script kiddie))
A /cracker who is not a /hacker, but knows just enough to run canned scripts. A cargo-cult programmer. (TBT)
A venerable Stream EDitor from which Perl derives some of its ideas. (TBT)
(セマフォ(semaphore))
A fancy kind of interlock that prevents multiple threads or processes from using up the same resources simultaneously. (TBT)
(セパレータ(separator))
A /character or /string that keeps two surrounding strings from being confused with each other. The split function works on separators. Not to be confused with delimiters or terminators. The "or" in the previous sentence separated the two alternatives. (TBT)
(直列化(serialization))
Putting a fancy /data structure into linear order so that it can be stored as a /string in a disk file or database or sent through a /pipe. Also called marshalling. (TBT)
(サーバ(server))
In networking, a /process that either advertises a /service or just hangs around at a known location and waits for clients who need service to get in touch with it. (TBT)
(サービス(service))
Something you do for someone else to make them happy, like giving them the time of day (or of their life). On some machines, well-known services are listed by the getservent function. (TBT)
Same as /setuid, only having to do with giving away /group privileges. (TBT)
Said of a program that runs with the privileges of its /owner rather than (as is usually the case) the privileges of whoever is running it. Also describes the bit in the mode word (/permission bits) that controls the feature. This bit must be explicitly set by the owner to enable this feature, and the program must be carefully written not to give away more privileges than it ought to. (TBT)
(共有メモリ(shared memory))
A piece of /memory accessible by two different processes who otherwise would not see each other's memory. (TBT)
Irish for the whole McGillicuddy. In Perl culture, a portmanteau of
"sharp" and "bang", meaning the #! sequence that tells the system
where to find the interpreter.
(TBT)
(シェル(shell))
A /command-line /interpreter. The program that interactively gives you a prompt, accepts one or more lines of input, and executes the programs you mentioned, feeding each of them their proper arguments and input data. Shells can also execute scripts containing such commands. Under Unix, typical shells include the Bourne shell (/bin/sh), the C shell (/bin/csh), and the Korn shell (/bin/ksh). Perl is not strictly a shell because it's not interactive (although Perl programs can be interactive). (TBT)
(副作用(side effects))
Something extra that happens when you evaluate an /expression.
Nowadays it can refer to almost anything. For example, evaluating a
simple assignment statement typically has the "side effect" of
assigning a value to a variable. (And you thought assigning the value
was your primary intent in the first place!) Likewise, assigning a
value to the special variable $| ($AUTOFLUSH) has the side
effect of forcing a flush after every write or
print on the currently selected filehandle.
(TBT)
(signal(シグナル))
A bolt out of the blue; that is, an event triggered by the /operating system, probably when you're least expecting it. (TBT)
(シグナルハンドラ(signal handler))
A /subroutine that, instead of being content to be called in the normal fashion, sits around waiting for a bolt out of the blue before it will deign to /execute. Under Perl, bolts out of the blue are called signals, and you send them with the kill built-in. See perlvar/%SIG and perlipc/Signals. (TBT)
(単一継承(single inheritance))
The features you got from your mother, if she told you that you don't have a father. (See also /inheritance and /multiple inheritance.) In computer languages, the notion that classes reproduce asexually so that a given class can only have one direct ancestor or /base class. Perl supplies no such restriction, though you may certainly program Perl that way if you like. (TBT)
(スライス(slice))
A selection of any number of elements from a /list, /array, or /hash. (TBT)
(吸い込み(slurp))
To read an entire /file into a /string in one operation. (TBT)
(ソケット(socket))
An endpoint for network communication among multiple processes that works much like a telephone or a post office box. The most important thing about a socket is its /network address (like a phone number). Different kinds of sockets have different kinds of addresses--some look like filenames, and some don't. (TBT)
(ソフトリファレンス(soft reference))
See /symbolic reference. (TBT)
(ソースフィルタ(source filter))
A special kind of /module that does /preprocessing on your script just before it gets to the /tokener. (TBT)
(スタック(stack))
A device you can put things on the top of, and later take them back off in the opposite order in which you put them on. See /LIFO. (TBT)
(標準(standard))
Included in the official Perl distribution, as in a standard module, a standard tool, or a standard Perl /manpage. (TBT)
(標準エラー(standard error))
The default output /stream for nasty remarks that don't belong in /standard output. Represented within a Perl program by the /filehandle /STDERR. You can use this stream explicitly, but the die and warn built-ins write to your standard error stream automatically. (TBT)
(標準 I/O(standard I/O))
A standard C library for doing buffered input and output to
the /operating system. (The "standard" of standard I/O is only
marginally related to the "standard" of standard input and output.)
In general, Perl relies on whatever implementation of standard I/O a
given operating system supplies, so the buffering characteristics of a
Perl program on one machine may not exactly match those on another
machine. Normally this only influences efficiency, not semantics. If
your standard I/O package is doing block buffering and you want it to
/flush the buffer more often, just set the $| variable to a true
value.
(TBT)
(標準入力(standard input))
The default input /stream for your program, which if possible shouldn't care where its data is coming from. Represented within a Perl program by the /filehandle /STDIN. (TBT)
(標準出力(standard output))
The default output /stream for your program, which if possible shouldn't care where its data is going. Represented within a Perl program by the /filehandle /STDOUT. (TBT)
(stat 構造体(stat structure))
A special internal spot in which Perl keeps the information about the last /file on which you requested information. (TBT)
(文(statement))
A /command to the computer about what to do next, like a step in a recipe: "Add marmalade to batter and mix until mixed." A statement is distinguished from a /declaration, which doesn't tell the computer to do anything, but just to learn something. (TBT)
(文修飾子(statement modifier))
A /conditional or /loop that you put after the /statement instead of before, if you know what we mean. (TBT)
(静的(static))
Varying slowly compared to something else. (Unfortunately, everything is relatively stable compared to something else, except for certain elementary particles, and we're not so sure about them.) In computers, where things are supposed to vary rapidly, "static" has a derogatory connotation, indicating a slightly dysfunctional /variable, /subroutine, or /method. In Perl culture, the word is politely avoided. (TBT)
(静的メソッド(static method))
No such thing. See /class method. (TBT)
(静的スコープ(static scoping))
No such thing. See /lexical scoping. (TBT)
(静的変数(static variable))
No such thing. Just use a /lexical variable in a scope larger than your /subroutine. (TBT)
(状態(status))
The /value returned to the parent /process when one of its child
processes dies. This value is placed in the special variable $?.
Its upper eight bits are the exit status of the defunct
process, and its lower eight bits identify the signal (if any) that
the process died from. On Unix systems, this status value is the same
as the status word returned by wait(2). See perlfunc/system.
(TBT)
See /standard error. (TBT)
See /standard input. (TBT)
See /standard I/O. (TBT)
See /standard output. (TBT)
(ストリーム(stream))
A flow of data into or out of a process as a steady sequence of bytes or characters, without the appearance of being broken up into packets. This is a kind of /interface--the underlying /implementation may well break your data up into separate packets for delivery, but this is hidden from you. (TBT)
(文字列(string))
A sequence of characters such as "He said !@#*&%@#*?!". A string does not have to be entirely printable. (TBT)
(文字列コンテキスト(string context))
The situation in which an expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a /string. See also /context and /numeric context. (TBT)
(文字列化(stringification))
The process of producing a /string representation of an abstract object. (TBT)
C keyword introducing a structure definition or name. (TBT)
(構造(structure))
See /data structure. (TBT)
(サブクラス(subclass))
See /derived class. (TBT)
(副パターン(subpattern))
A component of a /regular expression pattern. (TBT)
(サブルーチン(subroutine))
A named or otherwise accessible piece of program that can be invoked from elsewhere in the program in order to accomplish some sub-goal of the program. A subroutine is often parameterized to accomplish different but related things depending on its input arguments. If the subroutine returns a meaningful /value, it is also called a /function. (TBT)
(添字(subscript))
A /value that indicates the position of a particular /array /element in an array. (TBT)
(置換(substitution))
Changing parts of a string via the s/// operator. (We avoid use of
this term to mean /variable interpolation.)
(TBT)
(副文字列(substring))
A portion of a /string, starting at a certain /character position (/offset) and proceeding for a certain number of characters. (TBT)
(スーパークラス(superclass))
See /base class. (TBT)
(スーパーユーザ(superuser))
The person whom the /operating system will let do almost anything. Typically your system administrator or someone pretending to be your system administrator. On Unix systems, the /root user. On Windows systems, usually the Administrator user. (TBT)
Short for "scalar value". But within the Perl interpreter every
/referent is treated as a member of a class derived from SV, in an
object-oriented sort of way. Every /value inside Perl is passed
around as a C language SV* pointer. The SV /struct knows its
own "referent type", and the code is smart enough (we hope) not to try
to call a /hash function on a /subroutine.
(TBT)
An option you give on a command line to influence the way your program works, usually introduced with a minus sign. The word is also used as a nickname for a /switch statement. (TBT)
(まとまったスイッチ(switch cluster))
The combination of multiple command-line switches (e.g., -a -b -c) into one switch (e.g., -abc). Any switch with an additional /argument must be the last switch in a cluster. (TBT)
(switch 文(switch statement))
A program technique that lets you evaluate an /expression and then,
based on the value of the expression, do a multiway branch to the
appropriate piece of code for that value. Also called a "case
structure", named after the similar Pascal construct. Most switch
statements in Perl are spelled for. See perlsyn/Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements.
(TBT)
(シンボル(symbol))
Generally, any /token or /metasymbol. Often used more specifically to mean the sort of name you might find in a /symbol table. (TBT)
(シンボルテーブル(symbol table))
Where a /compiler remembers symbols. A program like Perl must somehow remember all the names of all the variables, filehandles, and subroutines you've used. It does this by placing the names in a symbol table, which is implemented in Perl using a /hash table. There is a separate symbol table for each /package to give each package its own /namespace. (TBT)
(シンボリックデバッガ(symbolic debugger))
A program that lets you step through the execution of your program, stopping or printing things out here and there to see whether anything has gone wrong, and if so, what. The "symbolic" part just means that you can talk to the debugger using the same symbols with which your program is written. (TBT)
(シンボリックリンク(symbolic link))
An alternate filename that points to the real /filename, which in turn points to the real /file. Whenever the /operating system is trying to parse a /pathname containing a symbolic link, it merely substitutes the new name and continues parsing. (TBT)
(シンボリックリファレンス(symbolic reference))
A variable whose value is the name of another variable or subroutine. By dereferencing the first variable, you can get at the second one. Symbolic references are illegal under use strict 'refs'. (TBT)
(同期(synchronous))
Programming in which the orderly sequence of events can be determined; that is, when things happen one after the other, not at the same time. (TBT)
(シンタックスシュガー(syntactic sugar))
An alternative way of writing something more easily; a shortcut. (TBT)
(文法(syntax))
From Greek, "with-arrangement". How things (particularly symbols) are put together with each other. (TBT)
(文法木(syntax tree))
An internal representation of your program wherein lower-level constructs dangle off the higher-level constructs enclosing them. (TBT)
A /function call directly to the /operating system. Many of the
important subroutines and functions you use aren't direct system
calls, but are built up in one or more layers above the system call
level. In general, Perl programmers don't need to worry about the
distinction. However, if you do happen to know which Perl functions
are really syscalls, you can predict which of these will set the $!
($ERRNO) variable on failure. Unfortunately, beginning programmers
often confusingly employ the term "system call" to mean what happens
when you call the Perl system function, which
actually involves many syscalls. To avoid any confusion, we nearly
always use say "syscall" for something you could call indirectly via
Perl's syscall function, and never for something
you would call with Perl's system function.
(TBT)
Said of data derived from the grubby hands of a user and thus unsafe for a secure program to rely on. Perl does taint checks if you run a /setuid (or /setgid) program, or if you use the -T switch. (TBT)
Short for Transmission Control Protocol. A protocol wrapped around the Internet Protocol to make an unreliable packet transmission mechanism appear to the application program to be a reliable /stream of bytes. (Usually.) (TBT)
Short for a "terminal", that is, a leaf node of a /syntax tree. A thing that functions grammatically as an /operand for the operators in an expression. (TBT)
(終端子(terminator))
A /character or /string that marks the end of another string.
The $/ variable contains the string that terminates a
readline operation, which chomp
deletes from the end. Not to be confused with
delimiters or separators. The period at
the end of this sentence is a terminator.
(TBT)
(3 項(ternary))
An /operator taking three operands. Sometimes pronounced /trinary. (TBT)
(テキスト(text))
A /string or /file containing primarily printable characters. (TBT)
(スレッド(thread))
Like a forked process, but without /fork's inherent memory protection. A thread is lighter weight than a full process, in that a process could have multiple threads running around in it, all fighting over the same process's memory space unless steps are taken to protect threads from each other. See threads. (TBT)
The bond between a magical variable and its implementation class. See perlfunc/tie and perltie. (TBT)
There's More Than One Way To Do It, the Perl Motto. The notion that there can be more than one valid path to solving a programming problem in context. (This doesn't mean that more ways are always better or that all possible paths are equally desirable--just that there need not be One True Way.) Pronounced TimToady. (TBT)
(トークン(token))
A morpheme in a programming language, the smallest unit of text with semantic significance. (TBT)
(トークン化器(tokener))
A module that breaks a program text into a sequence of tokens for later analysis by a parser. (TBT)
(トークン化(tokenizing))
Splitting up a program text into tokens. Also known as "lexing", in which case you get "lexemes" instead of tokens. (TBT)
(ツールボックス手法(toolbox approach))
The notion that, with a complete set of simple tools that work well together, you can build almost anything you want. Which is fine if you're assembling a tricycle, but if you're building a defranishizing comboflux regurgalator, you really want your own machine shop in which to build special tools. Perl is sort of a machine shop. (TBT)
(文字変換(transliterate))
To turn one string representation into another by mapping each character of the source string to its corresponding character in the result string. See perlop/tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds. (TBT)
(トリガ(trigger))
An event that causes a /handler to be run. (TBT)
(3 項(trinary))
Not a stellar system with three stars, but an /operator taking three operands. Sometimes pronounced /ternary. (TBT)
A venerable typesetting language from which Perl derives the name of
its $% variable and which is secretly used in the production of
Camel books.
(TBT)
(真(true))
Any scalar value that doesn't evaluate to 0 or "".
(TBT)
(切り詰め(truncating))
Emptying a file of existing contents, either automatically when opening a file for writing or explicitly via the truncate function. (TBT)
(型(type))
See /data type and /class. (TBT)
(型キャスト(type casting))
Converting data from one type to another. C permits this. Perl does not need it. Nor want it. (TBT)
(型付きレキシカル(typed lexical))
A /lexical variable that is declared with a /class type: my
Pony $bill.
(TBT)
A type definition in the C language. (TBT)
(型グロブ(typeglob))
Use of a single identifier, prefixed with *. For example, *name
stands for any or all of $name, @name, %name, &name, or
just name. How you use it determines whether it is interpreted as
all or only one of them. See perldata/Typeglobs and Filehandles.
(TBT)
A description of how C types may be transformed to and from Perl types within an /extension module written in /XS. (TBT)
User Datagram Protocol, the typical way to send datagrams over the Internet. (TBT)
A user ID. Often used in the context of /file or /process ownership. (TBT)
A mask of those /permission bits that should be forced off when creating files or directories, in order to establish a policy of whom you'll ordinarily deny access to. See the umask function. (TBT)
(単項演算子(unary operator))
An operator with only one /operand, like ! or
chdir. Unary operators are usually prefix
operators; that is, they precede their operand. The ++ and --
operators can be either prefix or postfix. (Their position does
change their meanings.)
(TBT)
A character set comprising all the major character sets of the world, more or less. See http://www.unicode.org. (TBT)
A very large and constantly evolving language with several alternative and largely incompatible syntaxes, in which anyone can define anything any way they choose, and usually do. Speakers of this language think it's easy to learn because it's so easily twisted to one's own ends, but dialectical differences make tribal intercommunication nearly impossible, and travelers are often reduced to a pidgin-like subset of the language. To be universally understood, a Unix shell programmer must spend years of study in the art. Many have abandoned this discipline and now communicate via an Esperanto-like language called Perl. (TBT)
In ancient times, Unix was also used to refer to some code that a couple of people at Bell Labs wrote to make use of a PDP-7 computer that wasn't doing much of anything else at the time. (TBT)
(値(value))
An actual piece of data, in contrast to all the variables, references, keys, indexes, operators, and whatnot that you need to access the value. (TBT)
(変数(variable))
A named storage location that can hold any of various kinds of /value, as your program sees fit. (TBT)
(変数展開(variable interpolation))
The /interpolation of a scalar or array variable into a string. (TBT)
(可変引数(variadic))
Said of a /function that happily receives an indeterminate number of /actual arguments. (TBT)
(ベクタ(vector))
Mathematical jargon for a list of scalar values. (TBT)
Providing the appearance of something without the reality, as in: virtual memory is not real memory. (See also /memory.) The opposite of "virtual" is "transparent", which means providing the reality of something without the appearance, as in: Perl handles the variable-length UTF-8 character encoding transparently. (TBT)
(無効コンテキスト(void context))
A form of /scalar context in which an /expression is not expected to return any /value at all and is evaluated for its /side effects alone. (TBT)
(v-文字列(v-string))
A "version" or "vector" /string specified with a v followed by a
series of decimal integers in dot notation, for instance,
v1.20.300.4000. Each number turns into a /character with the
specified ordinal value. (The v is optional when there are at
least three integers.)
(TBT)
(警告(warning))
A message printed to the /STDERR stream to the effect that something might be wrong but isn't worth blowing up over. See perlfunc/warn and the warnings pragma. (TBT)
(ウォッチ式(watch expression))
An expression which, when its value changes, causes a breakpoint in the Perl debugger. (TBT)
(空白(whitespace))
A /character that moves your cursor but doesn't otherwise put anything on your screen. Typically refers to any of: space, tab, line feed, carriage return, or form feed. (TBT)
(語(word))
In normal "computerese", the piece of data of the size most efficiently handled by your computer, typically 32 bits or so, give or take a few powers of 2. In Perl culture, it more often refers to an alphanumeric /identifier (including underscores), or to a string of nonwhitespace characters bounded by whitespace or string boundaries. (TBT)
(ワーキングディレクトリ(working directory))
Your current /directory, from which relative pathnames are interpreted by the /operating system. The operating system knows your current directory because you told it with a chdir or because you started out in the place where your parent /process was when you were born. (TBT)
(ラッパ(wrapper))
A program or subroutine that runs some other program or subroutine for you, modifying some of its input or output to better suit your purposes. (TBT)
What You See Is What You Get. Usually used when something that appears on the screen matches how it will eventually look, like Perl's format declarations. Also used to mean the opposite of magic because everything works exactly as it appears, as in the three-argument form of open. (TBT)
An extraordinarily exported, expeditiously excellent, expressly eXternal Subroutine, executed in existing C or C++ or in an exciting new extension language called (exasperatingly) XS. Examine perlxs for the exact explanation or perlxstut for an exemplary unexacting one. (TBT)
An external /subroutine defined in /XS. (TBT)
Yet Another Compiler Compiler. A parser generator without which Perl probably would not have existed. See the file perly.y in the Perl source distribution. (TBT)
(ゼロ幅(zero width))
A subpattern /assertion matching the /null string between characters. (TBT)
(ゾンビ(zombie))
A process that has died (exited) but whose parent has not yet received proper notification of its demise by virtue of having called wait or waitpid. If you fork, you must clean up after your child processes when they exit, or else the process table will fill up and your system administrator will Not Be Happy with you. (TBT)
Based on the Glossary of Programming Perl, Third Edition, by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen & Jon Orwant. Copyright (c) 2000, 1996, 1991 O'Reilly Media, Inc. This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.